Evidence before certainty
A source is useful only within its scope.
We identify who created a record, why it exists, which object or event it concerns, and whether another source independently supports it.
Seller statement≠Independent corroboration
Public record≠Physical inspection
Certificate≠Automatic authentication
Auction estimate≠Appraisal
Supported finding≠Purchase verdict
First-party sources are often the best evidence for what an artist, seller, auction house, estate, or institution says. They remain first-party. Independent records can corroborate a claim without inspecting the physical object.
A missing result is not negative evidence by default. A blocked page, unavailable archive, or unsuccessful search is recorded as a coverage limit—not converted into a warning about the artwork.
Object-level conclusions require object-level evidence. When public sources cannot establish identity, condition, title, authenticity, or ownership, the report says what remains to be verified by a qualified person.